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Biology or biology (in English : Biology) ( from the Greek , means life and Bios Logos means the article or study) is the science of the study of life and living organisms in terms of their structure , and the nature , characteristics, and types , and the laws that govern the ways of living and evolution and interaction with its natural center .

And a science ? Modesty is very wide and is divided for several branches of the most important science of micro-organisms , zoology and botany , and also learned and ضائف ? Members , biochemistry and ecology. With the advancement of this science, since the nineteenth century , it became with close links to the other sciences , theoretical and applied , such as medicine , pharmacy and other technical areas to meet essential human needs and ongoing .

Ataamlalm neighborhoods with the study of all forms of life . Where interested in the characteristics of living organisms and classified and behavior , and examines how the emergence of these species to the existence and mutual relations between each other and between them and their environment. Therefore, the biology embraces within many disciplines and independent scientific branches . But they all meet in relation to living organisms ( the phenomenon of life ) on a wide range of species and cupper start studying viruses and bacteria , and plants and animals , while concerned with other branches to study biological processes within the cell , such as biochemistry branches of study of relations between modesty and the environment in Ecology.

On membership level , take biology undertook the study of phenomena such as birth, growth, aging aging, death, death and decay الكائات live , not to mention the similarities between the generations offspring and their parents (Genetics heredity) and also taught ازهرار plants and other phenomena puzzled humanity through history .

Within a wider range of time and place, taught biologists hybridization of plants and animals , in addition to the diversity of the huge flora and fauna ( biodiversity, biodiversity), the change in living organisms over time ( evolution) , extinction, the emergence of species Speciation, social behavior among animals , etc. .. .

Highlights within the Plant Biology who specializes studying plants while specialized study Zoology The anthropology فيختص the animals Pedersah human being . At the molecular level , Vtders life within molecular biology , and biochemistry and molecular genetics. At the next level , and is the cell He studies in cell biology . When you go to the level of CR cells multicellular, appears to have a science like physiology and anatomy and tissues. The growth Biology Developmental biology is the study of life in the level of development and growth of individual organisms , or the so - called ontogeny. The when نتقل to more than one membership , highlights , who teaches genetics Kik working principles of heredity genetics between Alaba breeds . Studying Alaathologia science Ethology behavior of the animal groups . The systemic genetics Population genetics he takes into account the entire population and the overall group population The systematics Vtders the room - types of strains lineage ( types of common origin ). Dynasets relations and interconnected habitats studied in the framework of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology evolutionary biology. One of the latest biological sciences is currently Astrobiology astrobiology ( or xenobiology) who is studying the possibility of extraterrestrial life .

What is life ?

All tariffs and to the word of life selections so far is satisfactory or not fulfill the purpose ; because the origin of life unknown experimentally. But we can say that life "phenomenon characterized by certain qualities , such as: nutrition , breathing , movement , Altka?r , output , etc. . And ends the life of the individual District as soon as the loss of one recipe (or more) of those characteristics of life.

Aspects of life can be summarized as follows:

First living matter : called protoplasm or Protoplam. It is based on the configuration of each object was a simple or complex . It pigmentation all physical activities of life , such as: digestion , respiration , the output ... Etc. . In short: protoplasm and life are two sides of the same coin.

Secondly, the building unit cell : there is a biological base says: individual neighborhood consists of a set of devices , each device consists of a group of members , and each member is composed of a set of tissues, and all the fabric consists of a group of cells .. Whatever the complexity member or was it simple in the end consists of a group of cells.

III Amlahaload : characteristic is very important for neighborhoods . Pronunciation ( also /,,,, bolism) includes all vital الأنشظة that done in Albrootoplam , which is either ( a ) or ( demolition ) .. There is a definition of " metabolism " in the Arabic language , which is: " the process of thing something else ." As can be seen from this, cellular metabolism : is all the changes that occur in the cell material from demolition or construction and called metabolic sometimes .

Fourth growth : It is caused obvious for adding new substances to the body ( the building) . Based on this , if the ratio is equal to the proportion of construction demolition growth will occur . , But there are some pictures of the growth in Koa?n the non-living , such as : Polycrystalline configuration or calcareous sediments . So what difference ? As for what happens in the case of crystal , for example , it does not merely to be ترسيبا because additives are only from the outside ... It is quite different with the organisms because the addendum be introducing new combinations among the ancient structures that are the object from the body before. These fittings are living cells.

V. sense : we can not know the sense of the ability to interact with the variables in the middle of the ocean . Sense recipe phenomenon in complex organisms like us ( your ability to read those words now is an example of the ability to feel ) . In the plant is represented in : ( Run out toward the light , Run out toward the water , Run out against gravity ) in addition to some sensory characteristics , which are characterized by specific plants ( plant leaf sense Almsthih heat or screen, catch predators plants on their prey ) . Micro-organisms capable of feeling as well ( it was noted that amoebas change of ways to grow and multiply when the worsening environmental conditions or lack of suitability her ) . So show as well as the ability to sense when all organisms , but to varying degrees .

Sixth: Reproduction: the mystery of non - Yard is the ability of an organism to produce new individuals of the same species . And varied ways of sexual reproduction between the Agency . Asexual reproduction needs of one individual only has the capacity to produce completely resemble members . This happens in the lower animals and plants on the image of three : Segmentation bilateral , budding , التجرثم . The sexual reproduction is characteristic of high-end objects , which is needed for two persons , one male produce a moving Mhija , and the other female , and produces Mhija finger .. When unite Almhijan the Akunan zygote is the basic seed for the new individual . Because reproduction does not bring any benefit to parents , God has made ??them incentives such as : the need for sexual and instinct.

Join Biology

Origin of the term constitutes the term biology (Biology) from the integration of word Greek (bios) and mean life with the word (logos) , which means (the study of the ..) to form the term modern sense , is believed to Carl Frederick Bordak presented independently in 1800 and Gottfried Reinhold Triveranos in 1802 and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1802 , as the term itself appeared as the title of the third book folder Christoph Hanov ( the nature of the philosophy of physical prototypes : Earth Sciences and Life Sciences ), which was published in 1766. Biology in antiquity gained the first human knowledge of plants and animals that made ??him able to fishing and agriculture , for example, they knew how to avoid poisonous plants and animal husbandry methods , so previously biology of human history written by far . The early inhabitants of the Middle knew long ago how يلقحون Nakhl for dates , in Mesopotamia discovered that pollen can be used to enrich crops , as reported by a business from a period of Hammurabi ( 1800 BC) flower palm tree as one of the business areas . Described the texts Indian certain aspects of bird life was described insects and frogs in Egypt , and the Egyptians knew the Babylonians anatomy and physiology in different bodies , and the animals were in Mesopotamia reservation in what could be termed the first gardens to animals. Even so superstitious beliefs blended with real knowledge , members فاستعملت animals in Assyria and Babylonia in witchcraft , in Babylon and Assyria members of the animals used in witchcraft and forecasting in the Egyptian medicine and mysticism. Focused on scientific schools of the Romans and Greeks methodologies rationality, Aristotle was one of the most prolific in the production philosophers in ancient times , and has many بمشاهدات of nature and in particular the behavior and properties of plants and animals , as aspects of attention devoted classification of living organisms . بلايني was famous in ancient Rome for his extensive knowledge of plants and nature, and became Claudius Galen later leading medicine and anatomy. Biology in the Middle Ages called this period sometimes era dark of biology , however , showed some of those who practiced medicine interest in flora and fauna, and the Arabs translated many works of Greek to take advantage of them, and the authors prominent Arab bigeye (d. 868) , who wrote Book ( animal ) . A German Albertus Magnus ( one of the professors Thomas Aquinas ) about 35 books, was reproducibly plants interested in particular , discussed in detail the sexual activity of plants and animals . Renaissance studied many of the artists of the school virtual physiology in detail and is an interesting addition to their interest in objects animals and humans, a thousand each of Otto Braunfels and Hieronymus Facebook and Leonard Fox of several books on wild plants , and was referred to as fathers of botany. It was written other books about animals ككتب Conrad Gwyzner and Albert role . Modern biology development of the science of modesty forward with the development of science as a whole , where it was invented microscopes first, and which to enable Anthony Van Evinhok (1632-1723) to examine the components of blood , and people knew sperm cells at that time , despite the spread of ideas and beliefs curious about its functions . Classification and organization dominated neighborhoods during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and it was Carl von Lin (1707-1778) of the most famous figures of that period , he has studied the species taxonomy system Latin scientific names . Began breeding theory Automatic بالتفتت and collapse , and this was the theory says that living organisms that live long periods arise from non - living materials , was finally refuted by Louis Pasteur. Development of genetic science in the nineteenth century when the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel formulated laws of heredity in 1866, however, his work has not received adequate attention for a few decades . Charles Darwin was the world in which the impact of biology published his ideas in this area, and the most famous books is " On the Origin of Species " , which was published in 1859 , which describes natural selection is the main mechanism of evolution . Results led the development of areas outside the scope of pure science to oppose and support from different spectrums in society. By the year 1953 put James Watson and Francis Crick basis of the structure of DNA and RNA (DNA) , a genetic component to reflect life in all its forms . After the success in اكشاف structure of DNA, turning Creek to the study of cognition, and at the same time came studies on slum development at the forefront of issues that were not resolved, and attempts were made to clone plants and animals , and infected some success but it left questions about ethical principles. I knew stem cells capable of growth and distinction as one of the key elements in the study of developmental biology and medical treatments .

Chronology of Biology

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Before the year 1600 - 520 BC : Custom Alekamon arteries, veins and discovered the optic nerves . - 500 BC: Description Soshroota more than 120 surgical instrument and 300 surgery and type of surgery to 8 types of human and knew plastic surgery. - 500 BC: studied fossils Xzanovanis the and to develop a vision for the evolution of life . - 350 BC: Aristotle tried to animals rated comprehensive, and the author of " Animal history " , which is the general animal biology , and other books showing comparative anatomy of animals and functions of its members , in addition to the book " Generations animals " about developmental neighborhoods . - 320 BC: Taoberastos proceeded to study botany in an orderly and systematic . - 300 BC : The هيروفيلوس has dissected the human body . - 300 BC : A. Djoklas of the first known book on anatomy and was the first book uses the term " anatomy ." - Gregorian 50-70 : been published book, " Natural History " in 37 volumes. - 130-200 : Claudius Galen wrote several theses about human anatomy . - 1010 : A Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Sina book, " The Canon of Medicine ."

1600-1800 - 1628 : publication of William Harvey's book " anatomical example of the movement of the heart and blood when the animal ." - 1658 : Jean noted Swamrdam red blood cells through a microscope. - 1663 : Robert Hooke used a microscope to see cells الفلينية . - 1668 : Francisco, Reddy refuted the theory of emergence of worms automatic in rotting materials . - 1676 : Watch Anton van Avenhok a single- cell animals and dubbed ( Rotevera ) . - 1677 : studied Anton van Avenhok Sbarmatoswa . - 1683 : Studied Anton van to Avenhok bacteria . - 1765 : refute Lazaro Spalanizana , several theories about the automatic evolution of living cells . - 1771 : Discover Joseph برايستلي , turning carbon dioxide into oxygen in the plant. - 1798 : Thomas Malthus discussed human population growth and food production in the "Essay on the principles of population ."

1800-1899 - 1801 : proceeded Jean - Baptiste Lamarck in - depth study of invertebrate species rankings . - 1802 : introduced the term " biology " independently in its modern form before Godfrey Reinhold Trveranos the Lamarck , and invented Karl Friedrich Brodak this , the word in 1800. - 1809 : Lamarck feet of inheritance of acquired characteristics of the theory of evolution . - 1817 : The Pierre - Joseph بيلتيير and Joseph - Baenaam the Kavinto isolating chlorophyll. - 1820 : Development of Christian Frederick Law people who bore his name and who says that hemophilia that exist in males only transmitted by females is infected with the disease . - 1828 : Carl von Baer discovered eggs in mammals . - 1828 : Frederick Waller installed acid , urea , the first organic compound is synthesized from inorganic raw materials . - 1836 : Theodor Schwann discovered pepsin enzyme extracts from the wall of the stomach , which is the first attempt to isolate the animal enzymes . - 1837 : Theodor Schwann that heats the air preclude تعفنه . - 1838 : Mathias discovered شلايدن that all living plant tissue composed of cells . - 1856 : Louis Pasteur put the rule that says that microorganisms produce fermentation . - 1858 : presented each of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, natural selection independently, and Daram used the term "evolution" in later editions of his books developed by Herbert Spencer before the year 1852 . - 1858 : Rudolf Virchow stated that cells can be created from a previous cells only. - 1862 : refute Louis Pasteur and convincingly automatic evolution of living cells . - 1865 : realized Frederick Auguste Stradntz that benzene compound of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the form of hexagonal ring . - 1869: Discover Frederick Maetcher the nucleic acids in the cell nuclei . - 1874 : Develop Jacobs Vanthov and Joseph Achille Labelle , three-dimensional presentation of organic molecules and atoms forward Carbon Quartet surfaces . - 1876: Between Oscar Hertoag and Herman bean fertilized eggs that controls the core male and female alike. - 1884 : Emil Fischer began analyzing the detailed components and materials sugary compounds . - 1898 : Use Martinus Baijrnaik purified experiments to show that the tobacco- borne diseases caused by something smaller than bacteria , which he called (viruses ) .

1900-1949 - 1906 : Michael discovered the Soviet isolation and purification technique for separating organic compounds. - 1907 : Ivan Pavlov conditioned reactions of dogs saliva . - 1907 : The Emil Fischer manufactures amino acid البيبتايد chains , and thus showed that the amino acids in the proteins associated with a range links amino acids . - 1911 : Thomas Morgan that Mendel factors arranged in a row on chromosomes. - 1926 : James Sumner enzyme Alauriz a protein . - 1928: Discover all of Otto Diles and Kurt Alder reaction Diles - Alder formation of particles rings . - 1928 : Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic : " penicillin " . - 1929 : discovered Vobius for Levin sugar Aldiuksiriboz in the nucleic acids. - 1929 : Edward returned all of Doise and Adolf Botat the Alasteron separately. - 1930 : John Howard Northrop pepsin enzyme is a protein. - 1931: Discover Adolf Botat of androstenedione . - 1932: Discover Hans Adolf Kerbz , the urea acid cycle . - 1933 : Tadeusz Reichstein succeeded in installing vitamin C which is the first industrial vitamin abnormal. - 1935 : Findel Stanley managed to crystallize tobacco viruses . - 1937 : come Hans Adolf Kerbz to the discovery of the tricarboxylic acid cycle . - 1937 : found Theodosius Dobhanski the links between evolution and genetic change in the book " Genetics and the Origin of Species ." - 1938 : Found on Colacnt fish close to the coast of South Africa . - 1940: Announced Donald Griffin and Robert Galambos for their discovery to locate things in the case of poor visibility ultrasound at bat . - 1942 : Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria bacteria resistant to virus infection caused by the indiscriminate and not change adaptive change . - 1944: between Oswald Avery RNA that carries the genetic codes in bacteria Nyumore . - 1944 : Robert Burns Woodward and William von دورينغ manufactures الكوينين . - 1948: Between Erwin Hargav of the number of units of guanine in DNA and RNA is equal to the number of units of the amino acid Saitosin , and the number of adenine units equals the number of and thymine modules .

1950-1989 - 1951 : The manufacture of cholesterol and cortisone by Robert Woodward. - 1952 : Use the Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase radiation tracking devices to show that RNA is the genetic material in the virus . - 1952 : completed a unique Sanger and Hans Toby and Ted Thompson their chromatographic analysis on the amino acid sequence of insulin . - 1952 : Rosalyn Franklin deviation , were used to study the X - ray structure of DNA and RNA , and stated that the backbone of the sugar phosphate exists outside . - 1953 : James Watson and Francis Crick dual spiral structure of ribonucleic acid . - 1953 : Custom Max Barotz John Kindro the users aware of hemoglobin studies X-ray deflection . - 1953 : Stanley Miller that amino acids can be configured when simulated lightning passing through vessels containing water , methane, ammonia and hydrogen . - 1955 : Severo Ochoa discovered enzymes RNA polymers . - 1955 : Arthur Kornberg discovered enzymes RNA polymers . - 1960 : Juan Oro found that concentrated solutions of Alamonuem cyanide in water can produce organic النيوكليوتيد based composite into adenine material . - 1960 : Robert Woodward manufactures chlorophyll. - 1967: Use of nuclear John Gordan transplant , to clone a frog , and that was the first attempt reproduction of objects chiropractic . - 1968 : Fred Sanger used radioactive phosphorus as a means to resolve the blade tracking is made up of 120 of the sequence RNA way Kromotograveh . - 1970: Discover Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathanz , the restriction enzymes RNA. - 1970 : reach all of Howard thymine and David Baltimore independently to reverse enzymes Tranczykreptaz the discovery . - 1972 : Robert Woodward succeeded in the installation of vitamin B-12 industrially. - 1972: feet Stephen Jay غاولد , and Nicholson effects encoded in the budget development process . - 1972 : Singer and Nicholson developed model fluid which enters in the composition of the membranes of all cells. - 1974: Between Manfred Eigen and Manfred Samper that النيوكليوتيد mixture of RNA and raises the RNA molecules which you turn بالتضاعف and change and rotation. - 1974 : Leslie explained Orgl be able to replicate RNA RNA without complications and that zinc helps to multiply . - 1977: John Corliss discovered and Jack Diamond , Louis Gordon , John Edmund and Richard iPhone Harzyn and Robert Ballard and Kenneth Greene and David Williams and Arnold Bainbridge Kaithi Crane and tiered Van Andel new species of amphibians in the Galapagos Islands . - 1977: Walter Gilbert feet and Alan Maxime quick genetic sequencing technique relies on cloning and destructive chemicals to the rules and mobile gel electrolyte. - 1977: Announced Frederick Sanger and Alan Coulson for genetic sequencing technology Links used Aldidiuksinyukluotaadat and mobile gel electrolyte. - 1978 : Frederick Sanger feet of the 5386 sequence of the PhiX174 a virus first full gene sequence . - 1982: was presented the principles of prion protein by Stanley Broznr . - 1983: Kary Mullis invented polymers chain reaction . - 1984: Alec Jeffreys devised DNA approach . - 1985: Discover all of the Harry Kroto , John Heath and O'Brien , Curl and Richard Smalley stability is not normal for multiple vehicles molecules and carbon structure . - 1986: Alexander Klebanov clarified that the enzymes can perform their functions in an anhydrous environment .

1990 - Present - 1990: Discover Wolfgang Krachmar , and Will Lamb and Constantinos Fosterpoulos the Donald Hoffman that it can separate multiple vehicles carbon soot because of susceptibility to acid soluble in benzene . - 1996 : Appeared " Dolly " to the public , the first cloned adult mammal object . - 2001: the initial drafts were published for human Maurert completed . - 2003: the discovery first virus Mtata of the " scratches " .

Anatomy is a branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure and organization of living organisms and the installation of its diverse members . Can be divided into animal anatomy and plant anatomy . It also includes several specialized branches including the most important : comparative anatomy , tissue and science , and human anatomy .

Animal anatomy

Animal anatomy involves the study of structures of various animals and then often known as : Comparative Anatomy or animal morphology , and can be limited to a single animal study and then we talk about the anatomy of a specialist .

Human anatomy

Includes a detailed study of human anatomy to various body organs , tissues , and the composition and method can approach anatomy from several angles.

From the standpoint of medical anatomy consists of knowing the precise shape , position, and measurement and relationships between the different structures of the human body and here apply proper label: descriptive anatomy or topographic

The human body

The human body is divided anatomically to the following sections and the partition upon which to build his studies in the faculties of medicine :

Loft party : and consists of an arm and hand and helped the contents of muscles , veins and arteries and nerves ( humerus bone , the ulna , radius ,

Bottom Party : consists of the thigh , leg and foot , and the contents of the muscles and veins , arteries and nerves ( the thigh bone , the patella , stubble bone )

Head: It consists of bones: a skull and jaw and teeth and what it contains members ( ear , eye, nose , brain , tongue ) and the content of external parts ( mouth, scalp, face, hair , lip ) and glands ( gland salivary ).

Neck: consists of the cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae and the contents of the muscles , veins and arteries , nerves , and also has an air esophagus and trachea , larynx and pharynx.

Chest: consists of bones : the clavicle bone , ribs, bone and cut the following members ( heart , lung and separated from the trunk diaphragm ).

Torso: abdominal area is divided in anatomy to 9 sections and contains the following members ( liver , colon or intestines thick , intestines minutes , spleen , stomach , trailing worms , pancreas ) .

Basin: Members and contains the following anus , college , straight , and genital organs ( ovary , rod , placenta , uterus.

Background muscle trapezius muscle musculus trapezius: is a large superficial muscle triangular shape, with mesial base and summit Brutal Okhrmah ( name trapezius inherent fact that العضلتين of sides Tkonan the trapezoidal ) covering the nape ( back of neck ) , shoulder and upper back. The eleventh cranial nerve and branches ventral ( front ) of the cervical fibers second, third and fourth blindfolded this muscle . • Origin : arise muscle fiber and تدية : o spinal outcrops of six dorsal vertebrae lower . o spinal outcrops of the paragraphs of the whole lumbar and sacral by intraperitoneal lumbar . o the back half of the brutal character of the iliac bone for by lumbar peritonitis . o from the lateral surface of the last three ribs . • Alandgam : shoulders , when the lateral third of the clavicle , processus Alokhrome and fork shoulder, Tendgm Putrha in the humerus bone at the bottom of the vertical gutter tendon brachial biceps. • artery nutritious : transverse cervical artery . • innervating : cervical nerve sixth, seventh and eighth cranial nerve XI . • muscle work : working for the inclusion of the humerus trunk, and help lift the torso up and forward in the case of the lift arm and install the top of the head as in the horizontal bar and swimming and rowing movements . Latissimus dorsi muscle musculus latissimus dorsi: is a large flat muscle , a triangular base in the middle line of the back, and the head of the triangle at the shoulder, is located in the lateral dorsal part of the trunk to the back of the arm. ? Origin : o the medial third of the upper nuchal line of the skull bone . o Extrusion Almachri the skull . o of the nuchal ligament . o of the spinal outcrops of a cervical last paragraph , and the thoracic spine as a whole. ? Alandgam : o High fiber : moving from top to bottom and brutality Tendgm in the back of the lateral third of the wishbone . o Central fiber : moving laterally to atrocities Tendgm in medial character bump Alokhrome the board as well as the bone in the upper character of the fork . o Lower fiber : moving to the top of atrocities Tendgm in base extrusion spinal bone plate by fiber and تدية . ? Nutrient artery : the artery below the shoulder , the deep branch of the cervical artery browser . ? Innervating : cerebral nerve XI , and the third and fourth cervical . ? Muscle action : approximation arm , install baseboard bone and save it in place with the shoulder, also works with the muscle to lift the gear upper arm above the head at an angle of more than 90 degrees , and rotate the bone plate . Large rhomboid muscle musculus rhomboideus major:

Is up scapula muscle paragraphs and rhombic juxtaposition Minor and characters adjacent العضلتين and parallel . ? Origin: protrusion of the spinal thoracic vertebrae of extrusion third and fourth and fifth rib , and Ntoi benchtop fibrous ligament that connects the these spinal outcrops . ? Alandgam : Crafts medial to the back of the shoulder bone below the level of any fork down Andgam the small rhomboid muscle . ? Nutrient artery : the dorsal scapular artery . ? Innervating : the fifth cervical nerve . ? Action :: muscle tighten the board and pull him to the top of the spine , install the shoulder bone in place adjacent to the rib cage . ? Anti muscle : the serratus anterior muscle . Small rhomboid muscle musculus rhomboideus minor:

Is a long muscle juxtaposition of levator muscle to board in Andgamha and juxtaposition of rhomboid major origin , Alandgam and up your paragraphs shoulder bone . ? Origin: muscle fibers of the spinal extrusion of the seventh paragraph cervical , thoracic and first , and the lower part of the nuchal ligament . ? Alandgam : the rear edge of the character medial scapula bone at the top of the fork , the Supreme Socket the rhombic large muscle . ? Nutrient artery : the dorsal scapular artery . ? Innervating : the fifth cervical nerve . ? Of muscle : the board and lift lured to the top of the spine , install the shoulder bone in place adjacent to the rib cage . ? Anti muscle : the serratus anterior muscle . Levator muscle to the scapula musculus Levator scapulae:

Is a small rectangular - shaped muscle located on the back of the neck bone between the board and upper cervical spine . ? Origin : arise the muscle by muscle fibers of bumps under review for four cervical vertebrae Supreme Court. ? Alandgam : In the background of the character lip medial bone plate between the upper corner and fork . ? Muscle nerve : the cervical nerve III and IV. ? Of muscle : raise the baseboard bone to the top so called muscle Sling board .

What is life?

How life originated on Earth ] ?

Any type of environment can endure life ?

CSV can determine the existence of life on other planets ? What is the probability of finding complex life ?

How is made up of life on other planets ? You will be supported on the basis Dnaoa / carbon ? [ 1 ]

How this will look like other types of life abroad - ground ?

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is one of the branches of the natural sciences , which specializes in studying everything that is related to the lives of organisms , whether micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi , algae ) or upscale كالانسان the animal and plant. And described biochemistry sometimes as science chemistry of life , due to link biochemistry life has focused scientists in this field to search in the chemistry of living organisms of different kinds through the study of cellular components of these objects in terms of chemical compositions of these components and parts of their presence and their functions vital as well as the study of the interactions of various vital that occur inside the living cells in terms of construction and synthesis , or in terms of demolition and power output .

Due to the complexity of biochemistry branches , it has been divided into three main directions , namely :

1 - the study of the chemical composition of the components of the cells in terms of quality and quantity , and named this area biochemistry synthetics.

2 - study فزيولوجية to components of living cells and shifts food and energy production , and called this area the physiological biochemistry and kinetic .

3 - study the function of the vital compounds within the cells and the relationship between them and the functions of organs and tissues , and named this area the functional biochemistry

Threads in biochemistry

Vital vehicles

Biochemistry also includes the study of structure and function of cellular components , such as proteins , carbohydrates , to يبيدات , DNA , and other biomolecules . Biochemistry recently focused more specifically on the chemistry of enzymes that mediate a lot of dynamic processes and interactions , and on the properties of proteins.

General Biochemistry consists of dynamic study of vehicles : -

Carbohydrates.

Amino acids and proteins.

Nucleic acids .

Enzymes.

Lipids .

Metabolism .

Hormones.

Vitamins

Dynamic interactions

Specialists in the study of biochemistry molecules and chemical reactions by stimulating enzymes that contribute to all biological processes within the organism. The molecular biology and planning and a description of the relationship between internal biochemistry , biology , genetics

Metabolism

1 - undermined Catabolism: where are the main nutrients cracking either carbohydrates or proteins or fats through different ways of dynamic interactions to simple molecules are through it to get the power .

2 - Alaptina (Anabolism): simple molecules resulting from the demolition process can be used as a nucleus to build more complex materials , whether protein or nucleic acid through a series of interactions in order to build tissue and consume energy in these interactions .

Take construction and demolition processes different paths in terms of dynamic interactions within the body of the organism and these interactions is not as easy in terms of both conversion to another.

Intended Balastqlab those operations البيوكميائية that are inside the body when the building living tissue of materials food basic and then Ivkkha to generate energy, and needs to digest food in the intestine and absorption of essences and stored as a transitional phase to be integrated in the tissues of the body and then disassembled into water and carbon dioxide that energy is generated from the whole metabolism does not turn into heat , but stored inside the cells and used when needed

Carbohydrate metabolism and start with Alklojos absorption through the intestinal walls into the blood carries some of it to various parts of the body where it is metabolized while others are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of sugar or Gelokojin and some of that disintegrate when needed.

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